Regional disproportions within constituent territories of the Russian Federation are represented in the article. Policy conditions of the RF aimed at those disparities levelling are considered. Ranking of quality of life in the regions of the Russian Federation is analyzed. Modernization is proved to be influenced by economic and social factors. Basing on the research done by Russian scientists V. Inozemtsev and Yu. Zabavina it is stated that territory development disparities grow stronger because of depopulation and migration processes, and spatial human capital that asseted polarization. The results obtained prove close interrelation between political modernization and management. Specific features of political modernization in Russia as political power and management transformation basis are considered as follows: 1) significance of external factors and borrowing European and American economic and political development models 2) “weakness” of civil society 3) low level of citizens’ public activities. Practical effect of decision-making process in the sphere of political modernization is demanded, being characterized in the research from the point of view of political changes techniques during transition period.