The article deals with the research of mentality of the population that live on the territory of Trans-Baikal in the borderlands of Russia and China. The authors reveal the nature of such concepts as "mentality of the Trans-Baikal population" and "a mythological image". They focus on the perception of images of China and its population by the non-Chinese nations on the borderlands territory and further reflection of these images in their collective consciousness. The purpose of research and its relevance are determined by the fact that it is the first attempt to undertake a complex study of a myth-making phenomenon concerning China in the Trans-Baikal territory. The outcome of the research is emphasis on main factors of reproduction and transferring mythological images of China. As an aspect of the research of the influence of Chinese culture, the authors suggest a phenomenon of  "the border of Chinese culture", which being an obstacle, at the same time is a common ground for different nations, cultures and languages, thereby it forms the more active zone of myth-making about China.