The institutions of the Old Believers were one of the main sub-ethnic components of the ethno-confessional entity and the object of state administration in the Trans-Baikal region. The unification intentions of the Russian empire were realized not only through the use of force eradicating ideological confrontation of the State Church of the Synodal period. The institutions of Edinoverie were one of the most effective methods of removing ideological confrontation. The processes associated with the formation of these institutions in the Trans-Baikal region showed, on the one hand, the nature of legal and administrative executive policy of the state, and, on the other hand, the intention of some Old Believers to regulate their spiritual and moral life and to restore the institutes of priesthood. Today’s processes related to the institutions of Edinoverie are illustrative of total rethinking of the nature of ethno-cultural and liturgical traditions of the Old Believers, which are now considered to be a source of liturgical traditions and of the Church culture in general by the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church.