The article presents little known facts that give an idea of the attitude of Old Believers of Transbaikalia to the problem of health care. The author comes to the conclusion that the initial position of rejection of medical care from the medical staff with the European education in the early twentieth century gradually softened. A significant increase in the number of medical and preventative institutions alongside with the anti-religious work of the Bolsheviks ultimately changed the Old Believer point of view on modern medicine.