The main subject of the article is methodological underpinning of a comparative analysis of religious and scientific worldviews. To address this problem we use the constructivism paradigm, which considers religion and science as equal spheres of knowledge. The author formulates main provisions of constructivism about nature of knowledge, analyses the concept of “construct” and “model”, and specifies religious and scientific models of reality. Drawing on constructivism as a theoretical background, the author comes to a conclusion about the impropriety of the comparison of the religious teachings and scientific theories on the criteria of “truth – lies” and “viability” of the model. As a more effective criterion for comparison the author proposes to use analogical similarity of religious and scientific models of reality leading a conclusion about the degree of validity and heuristic value of these models.